Fixed assets are means of labor that repeatedly participate in the production process, while maintaining their natural form, gradually wearing out, and transfer their value in parts to newly created products. These include funds with a service life of more than one year and a cost of more than 100 times the minimum monthly wage. Fixed assets are divided into production and non-production assets
Fixed production assets (FPF):
Fixed production assets are involved in the process of manufacturing products or providing services (machines, machines, instruments, transmission devices, etc.).
The main production assets of enterprises make a circuit, which includes the following stages:
1) depreciation of fixed production assets;
2) depreciation;
3) accumulation of funds for the complete restoration of fixed assets;
4) replacement of fixed assets through capital investments.
APF (Active production assets) - directly affect the product being produced, determine the scale of its production and the level of labor productivity of workers. These include machines, equipment, and tools.
PPF (passive production assets) - create the necessary conditions for the labor process. These include buildings, structures, transmission devices, etc.
Non-fixed production assets (NPF)
Basic Non-production fixed assets are not involved in the process of creating products (residential buildings, kindergartens, clubs, stadiums, clinics, sanatoriums, etc.).
12. Features of the functioning of passive and active fixed assets in the production process.
APF (Active production assets) - directly affect the product being produced, determine the scale of its production and the level of labor productivity of workers. These include:
Machinery and equipment: - power machines and equipment; - working machines and equipment; - measuring and control instruments and devices; - laboratory equipment; - Computer Engineering; - other machinery and equipment.
b) Vehicles.
c) Tool.
d) Inventory and accessories.
e) Other fixed assets
PPF (passive production assets) - create the necessary conditions for the labor process. These include Land, Buildings, Structures (bridges, roads), Transmission devices (water pipelines, gas pipelines, etc.)
13 . The average annual cost of fixed assets is the average value of the availability of fixed assets during the year. Calculation methods depend on the source data.
1) At a known cost at the beginning and end of the year:
2) If monthly, quarterly information is known (average chronological):
3) If ti is the period of time during which the cost of the investment fund does not change:
http://psistat.narod.ru/mu/mu2_5.htm (main text and formulas.)
14. Physical and moral wear and tear of the enterprise's fixed production assets. The essence and purpose of the enterprise's depreciation fund.
Self-financing in order to maintain production levels is carried out from the depreciation fund. Depreciation refers to the gradual transfer of the cost of non-current assets to the cost of manufactured products. In other words, during the useful life of non-current assets (the main part of which are industrial buildings, equipment and transport), it is necessary to accumulate an amount of cash sufficient to purchase worn-out assets. Accumulation occurs in a specific bank account of the enterprise, which is called a sinking fund. Let us recall that a fund is a separate (in a bank account) part of funds that has a specific purpose. The purpose of the depreciation fund is the restoration (purchase of worn-out assets) of non-current assets. Depreciation can be considered as an accounting statement of the loss of part of the value of non-current assets as a result of their use or storage at the enterprise.
There are two main types of depreciation:
1) depreciation associated with wear and tear;
2) exceptional shock absorption.
Depreciation associated with depreciation refers to the depreciation of specific non-current assets, which consists of
accumulation in the depreciation fund during the useful life of assets of their write-off value. Write-off value refers to the difference between the cost of a non-current asset and its liquidation value. Liquidation value refers to the value of a non-current asset at the end of the useful life of the property. Exclusive depreciation refers to the formation of a certain reserve in equity capital from funds released in the process of accrual of depreciation associated with depreciation in connection with the provision of tax benefits. The funds from this reserve are used to finance extraordinary expenses.
The purpose of depreciation funds is the restoration (acquisition to replace worn-out assets) of non-current assets. However, even in the case of timely replenishment of the depreciation fund, the accumulated funds at the end of the useful life of the equipment may not be enough to replace it. As a result of inflation, market prices for equipment increase, and the depreciation fund depreciates in value. For this reason, during the life of the depreciation fund, its funds are directed to finance current assets for the purpose of optimization.
15. The concept of depreciation and depreciation charges. Annual depreciation rate, its characteristics and calculation.
Depreciation- gradual wear and tear of fixed assets and transfer of their value to manufactured products as they become physically and morally worn out. (monetary or value expression of depreciation).
Depreciation deductions are funds in the form of money allocated for repairs or construction, or the production of new fixed assets.
Depreciation rate represents the annual percentage of repayment of the cost of fixed assets established by the state and determines the amount of annual depreciation charges. In other words, the depreciation rate is the ratio of the amount of annual depreciation charges to the cost of fixed assets, expressed as a percentage.
Calculation of the annual depreciation rate:
Н^г = (Аг(annual)/А)*100%
Where A is the total amount of depreciation
Fixed assets are means of labor that are repeatedly involved in the production process, while maintaining their natural form, gradually wearing out, and transfer their value in parts to newly created products. These include funds with a service life of more than one year and a cost of more than 100 times the minimum monthly wage. Fixed assets are divided into production and non-production assets.
Production assets are involved in the process of manufacturing products or providing services (machines, machines, instruments, transmission devices, etc.).
Non-productive fixed assets are not involved in the process of creating products (residential buildings, kindergartens, clubs, stadiums, clinics, sanatoriums, etc.).
The following groups and subgroups of fixed production assets are distinguished:
- Buildings (architectural and construction facilities for industrial purposes: workshop buildings, warehouses, production laboratories, etc.).
- Structures (engineering and construction facilities that create conditions for the production process: tunnels, overpasses, highways, chimneys on a separate foundation, etc.).
- Transmission devices (devices for transmitting electricity, liquid and gaseous substances: electrical networks, heating networks, gas networks, transmissions, etc.).
- Machinery and equipment (power machines and equipment, working machines and equipment, measuring and control instruments and devices, computer technology, automatic machines, other machines and equipment, etc.).
- Vehicles (diesel locomotives, wagons, cars, motorcycles, cars, trolleys, etc., except for conveyors and transporters included in production equipment).
- Tools (cutting, impact, pressing, compacting, as well as various devices for fastening, mounting, etc.), except for special tools and special equipment.
- Production equipment and accessories (items to facilitate production operations: work tables, workbenches, fences, fans, containers, racks, etc.).
- Household equipment (office and household supplies: tables, cabinets, hangers, typewriters, safes, duplicating machines, etc.).
- .Other fixed assets. This group includes library collections, museum values, etc.
The share (in percentage) of various groups of fixed assets in their total value at the enterprise represents the structure of fixed assets. At mechanical engineering enterprises, the largest share in the structure of fixed assets is occupied by: machinery and equipment - on average about 50%; buildings about 37%.
Depending on the degree of direct impact on the objects of labor and the production capacity of the enterprise, fixed production assets are divided into active and passive. The active part of fixed assets includes machinery and equipment, vehicles, and tools. The passive part of fixed assets includes all other groups of fixed assets. They create conditions for the normal operation of the enterprise.
Accounting and valuation of fixed assets
Fixed assets are accounted for in physical and monetary terms. Accounting for fixed assets in physical terms is necessary to determine the technical composition and balance of equipment; to calculate the production capacity of the enterprise and its production divisions; to determine the degree of wear, use and renewal timing.
The source documents for accounting for fixed assets in kind are passports of equipment, workplaces, and enterprises. The passports provide detailed technical characteristics of all fixed assets: year of commissioning, capacity, degree of wear, etc. The enterprise passport contains information about the enterprise (production profile, material and technical characteristics, technical and economic indicators, equipment composition, etc.) necessary for calculating production capacity.
The cost (monetary) valuation of fixed assets is necessary to determine their total size, composition and structure, dynamics, the amount of depreciation charges, as well as assessing the economic efficiency of their use.
There are the following types of monetary valuation of fixed assets:
- Valuation at original cost, i.e. at actual costs incurred at the time of creation or purchase (including delivery and installation), at prices of the year in which they were manufactured or purchased.
- Valuation at replacement cost, i.e. at the cost of reproduction of fixed assets at the time of revaluation. This cost shows how much it would cost to create or acquire previously created or acquired fixed assets at a given time.
- Valuation based on initial or restoration taking into account wear and tear (residual value), i.e. at a cost that has not yet been transferred to finished products.
The residual value of fixed assets Fost is determined by the formula:
Fost = Fnach*(1-Na*Tn),
where Fnach is the initial or replacement cost of fixed assets, rub.; Na - depreciation rate, %; Tn - the period of use of fixed assets.
When assessing fixed assets, a distinction is made between the value at the beginning of the year and the average annual value. The average annual cost of fixed assets FSRG is determined by the formula:
Fsrg = Fng + Fvv*n1/12 - Fvyb*n2/12,
where Fng is the cost of fixed assets at the beginning of the year, rub.; Fvv - cost of introduced fixed assets, rub.; Fvyb - cost of retired fixed assets, rub.; n1 and n2 are the number of months of operation of introduced and retired fixed assets, respectively.
To assess the condition of fixed assets, indicators such as the depreciation rate of fixed assets are used, which is defined as the ratio of the cost of depreciation of fixed assets to their total cost; fixed assets renewal coefficient, calculated as the cost of introduced fixed assets during the year attributable to the value of fixed assets at the end of the year; fixed assets retirement ratio, which is equal to the value of retired fixed assets divided by the value of fixed assets at the beginning of the year.
In the process of operation, fixed assets are subject to physical and moral wear and tear. Physical wear and tear refers to the loss of fixed assets of their technical parameters. Physical wear can be operational or natural. Operational wear and tear is a consequence of production consumption. Natural wear occurs under the influence of natural factors (temperature, humidity, etc.).
Obsolescence of fixed assets is a consequence of scientific and technological progress. There are two forms of obsolescence:
A form of obsolescence associated with a reduction in the cost of reproduction of fixed assets as a result of improving equipment and technology, the introduction of advanced materials, and increasing labor productivity.
A form of obsolescence associated with the creation of more advanced and economical fixed assets (machinery, equipment, buildings, structures, etc.).
The assessment of obsolescence of the first form can be defined as the difference between the original and replacement cost of fixed assets. The assessment of obsolescence of the second form is carried out by comparing the reduced costs when using obsolete and new fixed assets.
Depreciation of fixed assets
Depreciation refers to the process of transferring the cost of fixed assets to manufactured products. This process is carried out by including part of the cost of fixed assets in the cost of manufactured products (work). After selling products, the enterprise receives this amount of funds, which it uses in the future for the acquisition or construction of new fixed assets. The procedure for calculating and using depreciation charges in the national economy is established by the government.
There is a distinction between depreciation amount and depreciation rate. The amount of depreciation charges for a certain period of time (year, quarter, month) represents the monetary value of depreciation of fixed assets. The amount of depreciation charges accumulated by the end of the service life of fixed assets must be sufficient for their complete restoration (purchase or construction).
The amount of depreciation charges is determined based on depreciation rates. The depreciation rate is the established amount of depreciation charges for full restoration over a certain period of time for a specific type of fixed assets, expressed as a percentage of their book value.
The depreciation rate is differentiated by individual types and groups of fixed assets. For metal-cutting equipment weighing over 10 tons. a coefficient of 0.8 is applied, and weighing over 100 tons. - coefficient 0.6. For metal-cutting machines with manual control, the following coefficients are applied: for machines of accuracy classes N, P - 1.3; for precision machines of accuracy class A, B, C - 2.0; for metal-cutting machines with CNC, including machining centers, automatic and semi-automatic machines without CNC - 1.5. The main indicator that determines the depreciation rate is the service life of fixed assets. It depends on the physical durability of fixed assets, on the obsolescence of existing fixed assets, on the availability in the national economy of the ability to replace obsolete equipment.
The depreciation rate is determined by the formula:
Na = (Fp – Fl)/ (Tsl * Fp),
where Na is the annual depreciation rate, %;
Фп - initial (book) value of fixed assets, rub.;
Fl - liquidation value of fixed assets, rub.;
Tsl - standard service life of fixed assets, years.
Not only means of labor (fixed assets), but also intangible assets are depreciated. These include: rights to use land plots, natural resources, patents, licenses, know-how, software products, monopoly rights and privileges, trademarks, trademarks, etc. Depreciation on intangible assets is calculated monthly according to the standards established by the enterprise itself.
The property of enterprises subject to depreciation is combined into four categories:
- Buildings, structures and their structural components.
- Passenger vehicles, light commercial vehicles, office equipment and furniture, computer equipment, information systems and data processing systems.
- Technological, energy, transport and other equipment and material assets not included in the first and second categories.
- Intangible assets.
Annual depreciation rates are: for the first category - 5%, for the second category - 25%, for the third category - 15%, and for the fourth category depreciation charges are made in equal shares during the life of the corresponding intangible assets. If it is impossible to determine the useful life of an intangible asset, then the amortization period is set at 10 years.
In order to create economic conditions for the active renewal of fixed assets and acceleration of scientific and technological progress, it has been recognized that it is advisable to use accelerated depreciation of the active part (machinery, equipment and vehicles), i.e. complete transfer of the book value of these funds to the products being created in a shorter period than provided for in the depreciation rates. Accelerated depreciation can be carried out in relation to fixed assets used to increase the production of computer equipment, new advanced types of materials, instruments and equipment, and expand product exports.
In the case of write-off of fixed assets before their book value is fully transferred to the cost of output, underaccrued depreciation charges are reimbursed from the profits remaining at the disposal of the enterprise. These funds are used in the same manner as depreciation charges.
Use of fixed assets
The main indicators reflecting the final result of the use of fixed assets are: capital productivity, capital intensity and production capacity utilization rate.
Capital productivity is determined by the ratio of the volume of output to the cost of fixed production assets:
Kf.o. = N/Fs.p.f.,
where Kf.o. - capital productivity; N - volume of produced (sold) products, rub.;
Fs.p.f. - average annual cost of fixed production assets, rub.
Capital intensity is the inverse value of capital productivity. The production capacity utilization rate is defined as the ratio of the volume of output to the maximum possible output for the year.
The main directions for improving the use of fixed assets are:
- technical improvement and modernization of equipment;
- improving the structure of fixed assets by increasing the share of machinery and equipment;
- increasing the intensity of equipment operation;
- optimization of operational planning;
- improving the qualifications of enterprise employees.
The role and significance of the three most important factors of production process labor force, means and objects of labor at different stages of development of society is not the same. In the conditions of the scientific and technological revolution, the pace and proportions of production depend on the condition, quality and completeness of the means of production, and the intensity of their use. Regardless of production relations, the means of production are an obligatory natural-material element of material production, that is, a general economic category for all socio-economic formations. This provision fully applies to all organizational structures involved in agricultural production.
Depending on the functional role, the means of production are divided into means of labor and objects of labor.
Means of production - tools and objects of labor that are directly involved in creating the value of products and, as components of the productive forces, determine the degree of development of the material and technical base of agricultural enterprises. Their improvement ensures a continuous increase in technical equipment and labor productivity.
Tools- this is everything with which a person influences objects of labor, processing them, giving them consumer values. They retain their natural material form for a long period, wear out gradually and transfer their value to the newly created product in parts; they are replaced in case of disposal and write-off when they have completed a full turnover. These include machinery and equipment, buildings, structures, transport, productive and working livestock, perennial plantings, etc.
In their natural material form, the means of production participate in the creation of consumer value, and in the economic form - in the creation of product value.
According to the form of assignment and sources of formation of fixed assets, they can be public, private and leased. The form of ownership affects the conditions for the disposal and use of means of labor. In state agricultural enterprises, fixed assets are the property of the state, are approved for them and belong to them with the right of economic use. Such enterprises own, use and dispose of the means of labor at their own discretion for the purpose of production, storage, and processing of agricultural products. When an owner leases fixed assets, he must be aware that this does not give him ownership rights to them. The provision of fixed assets for rent is carried out on the basis of an agreement, which specifies the cost of the leased fixed assets, their actual operation, the period of provision of the lease, which does not exceed the remaining depreciation period, and the rent. Tenants can partially or completely buy out fixed assets. In this case, they become the owners of the funds and are exempt from rent, which gives them the right to dispose of their property at their discretion and in accordance with their needs.
Items labor - an object or objects to which a person directs activity using means of labor. These are raw materials and auxiliary materials. These include: seeds, feed, fuels and lubricants, fertilizers, etc. It is characteristic that they participate in one production cycle, losing their natural material form, and the cost is completely transferred to the newly created product.
In agricultural enterprises, the same resource can be both a means of labor and a subject of labor, depending on the role it plays in a certain cycle of social production. For example, productive and working livestock in the process of using it for its intended purpose is a means of labor, and the subject of labor becomes in the case of culling, when it is fattened for meat or for direct slaughter and sale.
It is difficult or impossible to take into account and account for means and objects of labor in natural material form, since there are so many of them. To do this, all means and objects of labor are valued in value form.
The monetary value of material resources that are reproduced by human labor and the means that serve the process of production and circulation is called production assets enterprises (Fig. 7.1).
Rice. 7.1. Logical structure of means of production and production assets
They are in a constant cycle, passing successively from the stage of circulation to the stage of production, and then again to the stage of circulation. At each of these stages, production assets have monetary, productive and commodity forms. Depending on the economic role, method of production, purpose and nature of participation in the production process, production assets are divided into productive and circulation funds (Fig. 7.2).
Rice. 7.2. Classification of funds of agricultural enterprises
Productive funds include fixed and working capital, and circulation funds include produced but unsold products, funds in current bank accounts, funds in settlements and cash, other assets, packaging, containers and equipment for storing and selling products. Productive funds and circulation funds serve the process of production and circulation. The former are located and work directly in the sphere of creating material wealth, and circulation funds - in the sphere of sales of products and settlements. The main principle that forms the basis for the division of production assets into fixed and circulating assets is the method of transferring their value to the newly created product.
Fixed assets- these are means of labor that participate in the production process over several cycles, perform the same production function and do not change their natural material form, their value is transferred by specific labor to a newly created product in parts as they wear out.
Revolving funds-objects of labor participating in one production cycle change or completely lose their natural material form and completely transfer their value to the cost of the products produced.
Fixed production assets are the economic form of means of labor, and circulating assets are, respectively, objects of labor. Working capital and circulation funds constitute working capital.
The movement of production assets occurs as a movement of value and necessitates their differentiation into used and consumed. Applied productive funds are funds that participate in the production of products, but are not completely consumed; consumed participate and are consumed in the process of one production cycle completely. Consumable productive assets of agricultural enterprises include, first of all, working capital and the cost of fixed assets involved in production is transferred to the finished product, as well as the costs of maintenance, current and major repairs, insurance payments and the cost of storing fixed assets for agricultural purposes. The volume and quality of production assets of agricultural enterprises determine the scale, pace of production, labor productivity and have a positive effect on improving the material and cultural level of their workers.
Main production assets- these are the means of labor involved in a specific process associated with the production of goods or services - the main component of industrial safety regulations. But the means of labor are extremely heterogeneous in composition and structure.
For analytical and statistical accounting and reporting, OPF is divided into groups:
- building;
- structures;
- transfer devices;
- cars and equipment;
- vehicles;
- tools;
- production inventory and equipment;
- household equipment;
- working and productive livestock;
- perennial plantings;
- capital costs for land improvement (without structures);
- other fixed assets.
Every enterprise and manufacturing company has a very specific OPF structure, i.e. the percentage of the listed groups, determined not only by the specifics of the enterprise’s activities, its industry affiliation, but also by the natural and climatic conditions in which it operates - regional characteristics. Thus, for enterprises located in the southern regions, there is no need for buildings that can protect against severe frosts and snow, but special equipment is required to create normal conditions for those working in hot weather: air heaters, fans, etc. Consequently, the structure of the general public fund of enterprises depends on the specifics of their activities and regional characteristics and is manifested in the predominance of those elements that best meet these characteristics. For example, for energy enterprises - buildings and structures; for mechanical engineering and metalworking - machinery and equipment, tools for automotive enterprises, vehicles, etc.
For a special sphere, such a clear division cannot be made, since the activities of economic entities in it are extremely heterogeneous. So, if for dry cleaning enterprises, for example, the group of machinery and equipment will be predominant in cost, then for public catering enterprises this group will be close to the cost of buildings, while for public service enterprises a large share will be accounted for by the building.
Since different groups of general public enterprises take unequal participation in production activities, in economic literature and economic practice it is customary to divide them into two large groups: active and passive. The active part is those elements of the OPF that are directly involved in the process of production of goods and services (machines, equipment, tools, vehicles, inventory involved in the technological process). Passive part OPFs are considered to be those that do not participate in the production process, but create favorable conditions for it (shop buildings - for workers and mechanisms (equipment), warehouse buildings - for workers and material assets, etc.). Auxiliary equipment provides the necessary sanitary and hygienic working conditions and combat (prevent) force majeure situations.
Due to the extreme heterogeneity of the elements of the OPF, it is impossible to automatically classify them all into one group or another based on a common characteristic. For example, in addition to the main equipment, an enterprise may have fire-fighting, ventilation and other equipment that is not involved in the production process.
The classification of general industrial enterprises according to the considered criteria is not only theoretical, but also of great practical importance, determining when planning the reproductive and technological structure of capital investments in the development of the production and technical base - shifts in the investment and technical policy of the enterprise.
In turn, this policy can be focused on extensive or intensive development of the enterprise.
Extensive planning development assumes that production volumes and its technology remain unchanged for a sufficiently long period of time. This path is possible with stable demand for goods and services and is typical, for example, for public catering enterprises, consumer services, trade and others providing services. They are characterized by the replacement of physically obsolete equipment with a similar one, although in this case obsolescence may also be taken into account, and when replacing, one that is more economical in energy consumption and easier to operate and maintain is installed.
Enterprises that produce consumer goods tend to plan an intensive development path, which is often associated with the reconstruction and modernization of production, when obsolescence of equipment is largely taken into account. They are being replaced by more productive and modern machines and mechanisms, which make it possible to use the labor, material and financial resources of the enterprise more efficiently. Therefore, when determining an investment policy, it is important not only to plan capital investments to improve the structure of industrial safety and security, but also composition of the OPF. Having determined, for example, that a large share of funds should be directed to the development of their active part, it is necessary to establish exactly which elements should be purchased, in what quantity, in what time frame and in what sequence.
Analysis of the structure of fixed production assets
The methodological basis for carrying out such an analysis is the division of the OPF into active and passive parts. It must be borne in mind that not all elements of these parts are equally involved in the production process and that they have different effects on its effectiveness. Therefore, for a more in-depth analysis of the structure of OPF, it is advisable to identify and take into account separately the means of mechanization and automation of labor in their active part as the main element of the active part of OPF.
The absolute indicators for analyzing the structure of the OPF are:
- the cost of OPF, defined as the residual value at the time of analysis (Fo);
- cost of the active part of OPF (Ft);
- the cost of means of mechanization and labor automation (Fm), obtained by excluding from the value of Ft the cost of other elements, also determined by their residual value.
Absolute indicators are supplemented by relative ones, which can be expressed as a percentage or in rubles of the cost per employee. These indicators include:
- capital-labor ratio(Fe), which can be calculated for all workers (including support staff) - Fv 1 or only for workers directly involved in the production of goods and services - Fv 2:
- technical equipment of labor(Fwt) largely reflects the influence of technical means on working conditions and production processes;
- mechanical equipment of labor(Fvm) characterizes the progressiveness of the structure of the general enterprise, the level of mechanization and automation of the labor of workers involved in the technological production process, the advantages and disadvantages of investment policy.
The latter indicators, like the capital-labor ratio, can be calculated in relation to all workers or only to the main workers. In general, the indicators for analyzing the structure of the OPF are presented in the table.
To make judgments about the results, further directions of investment policy and the technological structure of capital investments more convincing, it is advisable to supplement the absolute and relative indicators specific. This is necessary because the structure of the active part of the OPF must be progressive, that is, with a predominance of elements that have a direct impact on labor productivity.
For enterprises and organizations that pay due attention to long-term planning, have a business plan and constantly monitor and analyze the progress of its implementation, the results of the analysis of the structure of the open fund are required for the corresponding sections of the plan, which reflect the dynamics of the results of economic activity. For long-term planning, such areas act as a source of financial resources, profit growth and other financial and economic indicators that characterize the performance of work and the effectiveness of decisions made. It follows from this that the ultimate goal of analyzing the structure of the general public fund in combination with data from the analysis of other sections of the business plan should be the development of measures aimed at enhancing the action of factors that have a positive effect on the results of economic activity, and smoothing (preventing) the influence of those factors that have a negative impact. Effect. In this regard, forecasting possible risks and preventing a crisis state of the enterprise becomes important for working in market conditions.
Reproduction of fixed production assets
In modern conditions, the most effective reproductive structure of capital investments is the technical re-equipment and reconstruction of existing enterprises. These forms of reproduction of industrial enterprises are the most effective, since they are carried out in a fairly short time and with lower financial costs than such forms as reconstruction and new construction.
Technical re-equipment basically eliminates construction work, ensuring the introduction of new technological means and technical processes in the shortest possible time and with a fairly quick return on capital costs. These two conditions allow us to consider technical re-equipment as the most important form of reproduction, contributing to the intensification of production, i.e. increasing the volume of work or services with the same number of personnel of the enterprise or maintaining the achieved results while reducing its number.
Technical re-equipment is carried out, as a rule, without expanding production areas in order to increase technical equipment and reduce manual labor in certain areas of production by introducing new equipment, changing production technology on this basis, mechanizing and automating main and auxiliary work, replacing old equipment with new ones. In this case, the costs are mainly related to the replacement of equipment, i.e. active part of the open production facility, and the share of construction and installation work, as a rule, does not exceed 10% of capital investments provided for technical re-equipment.
Reconstruction- this is a partial or complete re-equipment and reconstruction of an enterprise, carried out according to a single project. Reconstruction is carried out to solve one or more of the following problems:
- increase in enterprise capacity;
- change in the range of products;
- re-profiling of the enterprise.
Reconstruction is often carried out without expanding production areas, but if necessary, new ones are built and existing main and auxiliary facilities are expanded. At the same time, morally and physically obsolete (worn out) mechanisms and equipment are replaced; Mechanization and automation of production are being carried out (especially “bottlenecks” in its technological conditions and support services). Most often, reconstruction is associated with a change in the profile of the enterprise and a focus on the production of new products on existing production facilities.
Typically, the results of reconstruction do not lead to an increase in the number of workers, but contribute to an increase in their labor productivity and improved working conditions. During the reconstruction, measures are being taken to improve environmental protection (by reducing harmful emissions into the atmosphere and waste from the main production).
During reconstruction, as a rule, the share of costs for the active part of the industrial enterprise is lower than during technical re-equipment, since construction and installation work associated with the construction of buildings and structures attributed to the passive part of the industrial enterprise constitute the majority of the cost of the work.
Currently, new building materials and structures make it possible to carry out construction and installation work in a shorter period of time and at lower costs, which reduces the cost of reconstruction of enterprises as a whole.
On the day of the start of reproduction, it is important to determine the state of the OPF and the degree of wear of their active part. This is characterized by technical condition. The degree of wear is determined by the formula
where P is the initial cost of OPF, rub.; O - residual value of OPF, rub.
OPFs are subject to wear both during operation and during inactivity - under the influence of atmospheric conditions and internal processes in the structure of materials.
Physical wear is determined as a percentage of the original and replacement cost by examining the object and its most important components, and wear of the active part of the OPF is determined by comparing the actual service life of the Tf with the Tn standards.
Physical and moral wear and tear can be complete or partial. Complete wear requires replacement, and partial wear requires repair or modernization.
The constant wear and tear of means of labor requires means to compensate for wear and tear and reproduce them; this is done through depreciation.
Depreciation- this is compensation in the monetary value of depreciation of the fixed assets, a method of transferring the cost of the fixed assets to manufactured goods. Deductions for compensation of the worn-out part of the financial assets are called depreciation. They arise as a result of distributing the total cost of an object over its entire useful (standard) service life per year. This value is expressed through the depreciation rate Na - the annual percentage of transfer of the cost of the fixed assets for the finished product:
where A is the amount of depreciation charges for the year, rubles; Fo - initial cost of OPF, rub.
The production assets of an organization are an integral part of the production process, without which it is impossible to create material and spiritual benefits. The production of material goods and the provision of various services presuppose the availability of means of labor and objects of labor.
Means of labor (machines, equipment, vehicles, buildings, structures, etc.) are the material content of fixed assets. Objects of labor (materials, fuel, spare parts, etc.) are the content of working capital.
Together, fixed assets and working capital form the means of production. The means of production expressed in monetary form are the production assets of enterprises. There are fixed and working capital.
Fixed production assets are means of labor that participate in the production process for a long time and at the same time retain their natural form.
Their cost is transferred to finished products in parts, as consumer value is lost.
The main production assets are directly involved in production processes, or create the necessary material conditions for the implementation of these processes (industrial buildings).
Working capital is those means of production that are entirely consumed in each new production cycle, completely transfer their value to the finished product and do not retain their natural form during the production process.
There are tangible fixed assets (fixed assets) and intangible fixed assets (intangible assets).
Material fixed assets (fixed assets) - part of the property of an enterprise with a useful life of more than 12 months, used as means of labor for the production and sale of goods (performing work, providing services) or for managing an organization, capable of bringing economic benefits to the organization in the future.
Core activity funds include production assets that are directly involved in the process of creating wealth.
Non-core activity funds include non-production fixed assets, as well as production assets that perform functions not related to the creation of material wealth.
Non-production fixed assets are social property that does not participate in the production process, but satisfies the social needs of workers. These are residential buildings, children's and sports institutions, canteens, recreation centers and other cultural and social services for workers, which are on the balance sheet of enterprises and do not have a direct impact on the production process.
OPF (fixed capital) are the most important factor in the production and acceleration of scientific and technological progress. The economic and social significance of OPF at the macro level is explained by the following:
- 1. OPFs are a significant part of the country’s national wealth. As they grow, NB increases.
- 2. The competitiveness of domestic products and production efficiency largely depend on the size of the OF, especially their quality condition.
- 3. The level of mechanization and automation of labor with all the ensuing economic and social consequences depends on the quantitative and qualitative state of the PF.
- 4. The rate of economic growth depends on the quantitative and qualitative state of the PF.
- 5. The presence of a sufficient amount of PF is the basis for the economic security of the country and its defense capability.
The role of PFs is also great at the micro level, since the following depend on their value and quality:
- a) production capacity of the enterprise, volume of production and sales of products;
- b) the level of quality and competitiveness of products;
- c) the level of cost and profitability of products;
- d) the financial condition of the enterprise.
